Which document outlines the structure of the U.S. government and its relationship to the states?

The U.S. Constitution is the foundational legal document that establishes the structure of the federal government and delineates its relationship with the states. It sets forth the framework for how the government operates, including the separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Additionally, the Constitution defines the powers granted to the federal government and reserves other powers for the states, thereby ensuring a balance of authority and establishing federalism as a core principle.

In contrast, the Bill of Rights primarily focuses on guaranteeing individual freedoms and protections against government overreach, serving as an important addition to the Constitution but not outlining the government's structure. The Declaration of Independence, while significant in establishing the colonies' intent to separate from British rule and advocating for certain inalienable rights, does not provide any details about government structure. Lastly, the Federalist Papers are a series of essays written to promote the ratification of the Constitution; they provide important insights and arguments about the Constitution but are not a governing document themselves. Thus, the U.S. Constitution is the definitive source regarding the structure of the government and its relationship to the states.