What issue led to the formation of the first two political parties in the U.S.?

The formation of the first two political parties in the U.S. was largely a response to the debates surrounding the ratification of the Constitution. As the new nation grappled with how to structure its government, two distinct factions emerged: the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists.

Federalists, who supported the Constitution, believed in a strong central government that could effectively manage the affairs of the nation, maintain order, and provide for the common defense. They argued that a robust national government would better protect the rights and freedoms of citizens than the loose confederation established under the Articles of Confederation.

On the other hand, Anti-Federalists were concerned that a powerful central government might infringe upon individual liberties and states' rights. They called for greater protections for personal freedoms, which ultimately led to the demand for a Bill of Rights.

This fundamental disagreement over the balance of power between state and federal authorities, as well as the implications for individual rights, was pivotal in shaping the early political landscape of the United States. Thus, the ratification of the Constitution sparked the first partisan conflict, leading to the establishment of political parties.